Scientific Inadequacy of Libet's Experiment
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35696/.v1i25.974Keywords:
Free will, Libet experiment, Unconscious brain activity, Quantum physics, HaynesAbstract
The research aims to prove the inadequacy of the scientific explanation that denies the existence of human free will, criticizing neuroscientist Benjamin Libet's famous experiment based on the idea that our brains are responsible for our actions, and not our consciousness as we imagine. The study follows an analytical and critical method in refuting the experiment, both in procedures and conclusions. The paper is organized into an introduction and three sections. The first section deals with Libet's experience, its results, and its shortcomings. The second section discusses the unconscious activity and its relationship to decision-making in addition to the role of the heart and its relationship to the brain. The third section touches on the importance of using quantum physics in studying the brain’s relationship with free will. The most important findings of the research included the fact that adequate scientific explanation for the denial of freedom of will was lacking, with an emphasis on reconsidering Libet's experiment, and using quantum physics to account for the brain as a quantum state in its relationship to freedom of will.Downloads
References
أولا: المراجع باللغة العربية
إبراهيم، زكريا، كانط، الفلسفة النقدية، دار مصر للطباعة، مصر، 1987م.
أغروس روبرت م، وستانسيو جورج ن،العلم في منظوره الجديد، ترجمة: كمال خلايلي، عالم المعرفة، 183، الكويت،1989م.
أوليفيرا، لويس إدواردو دي، "اللاوعي"، فرويد قراءة عصرية، تحرير بيرلبرج روزين جوزيف ترجمة زياد إبراهيم، مؤسسة هنداوي، مصر، 2017م.
بنروز، روجر، العقل والحاسوب وقوانين الفيزياء، ترجمة: محمد وائل الاتاسي، وابتسام المعصراني، دار طلاس، دمشق 1998م.
رياض، رأفت، مبادئ الاحتمالات، الجزء الأول، المكتبة الأكاديمية، القاهرة، 2003م.
شريف، عمرو، رحلة عقل، مكتبة الشروق الدولية، القاهرة، 2011م.
فتيحي، وليد " قلوب يعقلون بها"، مجلة فكر، مركز العبيكان للأبحاث والنشر، الرياض، ع15،1مايو 2016م.
"ماهو لغز طول بلانك؟" المصدر، Askamathematician، ترجمة همام بيطار((2016_8_7 متاح على الرابط: https://nasainarabic.net, استرجع بتاريخ: 22-9-2022م.
المنياوي، أحمد، جمهورية أفلاطون،دار الكتاب العربي، دمشق، 2010م.
وولف، فريدلون، مع القفزة الكمومية، ترجمة: أدهم السمان، دار طلاس، دمشق، 2002م.
Arabic References
ʾIbrāhīm, Zakarīyā, Kāniṭ, al-Falsafah al-Naqdīyah, Dār Miṣr lil-Ṭibāʿah, Miṣr, 1987.
Augros Robert M, & Stanciu, George N, al-ʿIlm fī Manẓūrih al-Ğadīd, tr. Kamāl Ḫalāylī, ʿĀlam al-Maʿrifah, 138, al-Kuwait, 1989.
de Oliveira, Luis Eduardo Prado, al-Lāwaʿy, Pages 149-167, in Rosen Joseph Perlberg (ed), Freud Qirāʾah ʿAṣrīyah, Tr. Ziyād ʾIbrāhīm, Muraʾğaʿat. Šaymāʾ Ṭaha al-Raydī, Mūʾassasat Hindāwī, Miṣr, 2017.
Penrose, Roger, al-ʿAql & al-Ḥāsūb & Qawānīn al-Fīziyāʾ, Tr. Muḥammad Wāʾil al-ʾAtāsī, & ʾIbtisām al-Maʿṣrānī, Dār Ṭallās, Dimašq 1998.
Riyāḍ, Raʾfat, Mabādiʾ al-ʾIḥtimālāt, al-Ğuzʾ al-Awwal, al-Maktabah al-ʾAkādīmīyah, al-Qāhirah, 2003.
Šarīf, ʿAmr, Riḥlat ʿAql, Maktabat al-Šurūq al-Dawlīyah, al-Qāhirah, 2011.
Futayḥī, Walīd "Qulūb Yaʿqulūn bi-hā", Mağallat Fikr, Markaz al-ʿUbaykān lil-ʾAbḥāṯ & al-Našr, al-Riyāḍ, issue 15, 2016.
"Māhwa Luġz Ṭūl Planck?" al-Maṣdar, ask a Mathematician, tr. Hammām Bayṭār, 2016- 8-7 Link: https://nasainarabic.net: 22-9-2022.
al-Minyāwī, ʾAḥmad, Ğumhūrīyat ʾAflāṭūn, Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, Dimashq, 2010.
Wolf, Fred Alan, maʿa al-Qafzah al-Kumwmīyah, Silsilat al-Ṯaqāfah al-Mummayazah, 8, tr. ʾAdham al-Sammān, Dār Ṭallās, Dimashq, 2002.
ثانيا: المراجع باللغة الإنجليزية
Armour J Adrew "Potential Clincal relevance of the little brain on the mammalia heart", Experimental Physiology, V93, issue 2, 2008.
Armour, J Andrew. and J. Ardell. Eds. Neurocardiology. New York, NY, Oxford University Press,1994.
Ball Philip,"Quatum Physics May Be Even Spooker Than You Think", Scientific American, 21 May 2018, link: https:|| www.scientificamerican.com ,retrieved,25-9-2022
Baird, Christopher S., "What is the shape of an electron?", Science Questions with Surprising Annswers, -7-2-2014, link: https :wtamu.edu w..// ,retrieved ,23-9-2022
Bogen Joseph E, " The experience of will:Affective or cognitive?" Behavioral and Brain Science, United States of America,V27,issue5, 2004.
Bohm David, Vaguine Victor.Prologue to super to Quantum Mechanics, something is Rotten in the state of Quantum Mechanics, Con Reality TM Press, 2012.
Chalmers David J.The Conscious Mind:" In Search of a Fundamental Theory ,Oxford :Oxford University Press,1996.
Chalmers, David, "How do you explain consciousness?,TED,14-Jul-2014,link:www.ted.com, retrieved,23-9-2022
Dennett, Daniel C,Elbow room:The varieties of free will worth wanting,The MIT Press,1984.
Dennett, Daniel C, Freedom Evolves, Viking Books,, 2003.
Fahad Basheer, Aju Rafeeque "The heart as the centre of consciousness", Hamdan Medical Journal, V 8, issue 1,2015.
Fischer John Martin, Kane Robert, Pereboom Dark, and Vargas Manuel. Four views on Free Will,Blackwell Publishing,2007.
Folger Tim, "New sflash:Time may not exist", Discover magazine link: https:||www.discovermgazin.com, Dec 20,2007, retrieved,24-9-2022
Gholipour,Bahar."philosophers and neuroscientists join forces to see whether science can solve the mystery of free will",Science, 2132019.
Green, Celia,&Grant,Gillett, "Are mental events preceded by their physical causs?", Philosophical psychology, V 8, issue 4, 1995.
Henry Molly J, McAuley J Devin, "Evalution of an imputed pitch velocity model of the auditory kappa effect", Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human perception and performance, V 35, issue 2,2009.
Isart Oroi Romero,et al "Toward quantum superposition of living organism", new Journal of physics, V3,12,11 Mar 2010.
Keim, Brandon "Brain Scaners Can see your Decision Befor You Mmake Them" Wired Magazine,San Francisco, Aprl 13,2008, link: htts||www.wired.com. retrieved,22-9-2022.
Kovachy T, Asenbaum P,M.A.Kassevich, "Quantum superposition at the half-metre scale", Nature. V 528, issue 7583 23, Dec2015.
Landshoff, Peter, "Quantum Uncertainty"submitted by plusadmin 1 May,1998, link: https://www.plus.maths.org, retrieved,23-9-2022.
Libet, Benjamin. " Unconscious cerebral initiative and the role of conscious will in voluntary action" , Behavioral and Brain Sciences,V 8, issue 4, December,1985.
Libet, Benjamin. Curtis A Gleason, Elwood W Wright, Dennis K Pearl, "Time of conscious intention to act in relation to onest of cerebral activity" Neurophysiology of consciousness, part of contemporary Neuroscientists book series, Birkauser,Boston,1993.
Wiley John, Benjamin Libet. "The neural time factor in conscious and unconscious event".Experimental and theoretical studies of consciousness, Ciba Foundation Symposium, 174,123-146,2007 Wiley online kibrary, link:https:||do.org| retrieved,22-9-2022.
Libet, Benjamin. "Do We Have Free Will?", Journal of Consciousness Studies,V 6, issue 8-9, 1999.
Libet, Benjamin. "Reflections on the interaction of the mind and brain". Progress in neurobiology, V 78, issue 3-5, Februry-April, 2006.
Lorens Edward.The Essence of Chaos ,the University Washington Press, 1993.
Dirac P.A.M.The Principles of Quantum Mechanics, Oxford At The Claredon Press, 1930.
Pearsall Paul,Gray ER Schwartz,Linda GS Russek, "Changes in heart transplant recipients that parallel the personalities of their donors". Jounral of Near-Death Stadies, V 20, issue 3, 2002.
Pearsall Paul.The Heart,s Code: Tapping the Wisdom and Power of our Heart Energy, ,Bradway Books,New York, 1999.
Penfield Wilder,The Mystery of the Mind, Princeton University Press, 1975.
Robert Kane, A contemporary Introduction to free Will,Oxford University Press, 2005.
Sheynin B Oscar." Newton and The Classical Theory of Probaility" Archive for History of Exact Scieces, V 7, issue 3,1971.
Soon Chun Siong, Brass Marcel, Heinze Hans –Jochen, Haynes John-Dylan, "Unconscious determinants of free decisions in the human brain", Nature Neuroscience, V11,issue5, Jun 2008.
Trevena, Judy & Miller,Jeff "Brain Preparation before avoluntary action:Evidence against unconscious movement initiation", Consciousness and Cognition,V19, issue1,2010.
Upper Dennis,"The unsuccessful self_treatment of a case of ",writer,s block", Journal of Applied Behavir Analysis, V 7, issue 3. 1979.
Vernon Mark,{Book Review of} , The Self and Its Brain:An Argument for Interactionism. by Carl R.Popper & john C.Eccles,The Linacre Quarterly,V 46, issue 2,1979.
Wegner Danial M, The Illusion of Conscious Will, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,2002.
Wegner Daniel M. "The minds best trick: How we experience conscious will", Cognitive Sciences. V 7, issue 2, 2003.
Sequino Valeria, Bawaj Mateusz,"Quantum fluctuations have been shown to affect macroscopic objects" nature, V 583, issue 7814, 1July, 2020.
Guggisberg Adrian G. & Motataz AnaIs."Timing and awareness of movement decisions:Does consciousness really come too late". Forntiers in human neuroscience, Cognitive Neuoroscienece, v 7, issue 385, 2013.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright and Licensing
For all articles published in journal, copyright is retained by the authors. Articles are licensed under an open access Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, meaning that anyone may download and read the paper for free. In addition, the article may be reused and quoted provided that the original published version is cited. These conditions allow for maximum use and exposure of the work.
