Editorial Conflict of Interest and Recusal Policy

Submissions authored or co-authored by the Editor-in-Chief, Editorial Director, editors, editorial board members, reviewers, journal staff, publisher officials, or staff of Thamar University are handled under an independent editorial process.
Any editor or board member with a personal, professional, institutional, financial, supervisory, or collaborative conflict of interest must be recused from the manuscript. A conflicted editor must not select reviewers, access confidential reviewer reports, influence the editorial decision, or participate in final acceptance or rejection.
Such manuscripts must be assigned to an independent handling editor with no conflict of interest and must undergo the same peer-review standards as all other submissions, including review by at least two independent expert reviewers.
The journal will record editorial recusals internally to protect the integrity of the peer-review process.